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Evaluating Strategies to Enhance Existing Policies and Mitigate the Impact of Climate Change on Security in Zambia.
(2024) Col Innocent Jere; Col (Dr) John R Kisilu; ‘Col (Dr) Charles Imbiakha
The problem in Zambia is that the nation is susceptible to the detrimental effects of climate change, of
which the agricultural sector is most affected. Changes in weather systems while frequent and prolonged dry
seasons are among the greatest threats that, as a nation which, greatly depends on agriculture as the leading
economic activity that the country’s economy relies on. Climate change disruption is not a standalone issue
but the aggravating factor of other societal factors, including food security, livelihoods, and socioeconomic
vulnerability. Due to the fact that agroecology has become the key pillar in Zambia’s economy, the
vulnerability of this branch to climate change is viewed as the most serious threat to be solved. Resilience
and sustainable development in the country will face a huge challenge if this issue is not carefully
addressed. This study looks at the effectiveness of implementing existing policies and strategies to address
security concerns highlighted by climate change in Zambia. The qualitative research design calls for
collecting data through interviews and open-ended questions involving the security actors and the related
agencies. The analysis revealed a mixed view of the policy’s effectiveness, which was accompanied by
barriers such as socioeconomic and implementation difficulties and challenges that were seen to stop the full
manifestation of the policies. Policy recommendations include, but are not limited to, increased partnership
with the local authorities to ensure policy implementation mainly, public education and mobilization,
objectives in which efforts to achieve sustainable practices are recognized. Another prospect for future
research is to monitor the evolving patterns with critical assessments, eventually define the policy impacts,
compare them with previous conclusions, and specify measures in times of peak crisis. Through its efforts to
address these inadequacies, Zambia may be able to improve upon its climate change resilience, establish a
trajectory of sustainable development, and actively contribute to global climate change efforts whose goal is
to minimize impacts.
Enhancing Cooperation to Counter Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Kenya
(2024) Col Maurice B, Wasomi,; Col (Dr) John R, Kisilu; Col (Dr) Charles Imbiakha
The threat posed by Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Kenya necessitates robust and coordinated
countermeasures. This study investigates collaborative approaches to countering IEDs, focusing on
opportunities for enhanced cooperation among stakeholders. The primary objective is to assess the impact of
multi-agency collaboration on improving the effectiveness of IED countermeasures and to provide policy
recommendations for strengthening these efforts. The study is grounded in the theory of collaborative
governance, which emphasizes the importance of interconnectedness and cooperative strategies among
various agencies to address complex security challenges. Data were collected from a target population
comprising security professionals, government officials, and international partners through a mixed-methods
approach. This included a survey with 95 respondents and semi-structured interviews with 15 key
informants. Findings from the study indicate a high level of engagement in collaborative efforts to counter
IEDs. Survey results reveal that 69.8% of respondents agree or strongly agree that multi-agency
collaboration is crucial for addressing IED threats, with a mean rating of 3.59. Similarly, 66.8%
acknowledge the significant contributions of international partnerships, with a mean rating of 3.73. Despite
these positive perceptions, challenges such as poor coordination and transparency issues in international
collaborations were frequently cited. Interviews corroborated these findings, highlighting the need for
improved communication channels and trust-building measures. Data analysis involved both quantitative
and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to summarize the level
of agreement on various aspects of collaboration, while qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis
to identify recurring themes and insights. Key recommendations include the establishment of structured
frameworks for information sharing, enhancing leadership capacities, and prioritizing transparency in
international partnerships. Continuous engagement and knowledge-sharing initiatives are also vital for
fostering innovation and effectively refining strategies to counter IED threats. In conclusion, this study
underscores the critical importance of enhanced cooperation among stakeholders in mitigating the impact of
IEDs in Kenya. By addressing identified challenges and leveraging collaborative opportunities,
policymakers and practitioners can develop more effective strategies to improve security outcomes and
protect public safety.
The Contribution of Science and Technology in Countering Violent Extremism in Lamu County, Kenya
(2023) Joseph M, Kaku; John R, Kisilu
This study examines the role of science and technology in countering violent extremism (CVE) in Lamu
County, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design and mixed-method cross-sectional survey
approach, focusing on multi-agency team operations, specifically emphasizing Kenya Defence Forces
(KDF) activities in the Boni Forest. The research population comprised key stakeholders and practitioners
involved in CVE efforts, totaling 120 officers. A purposive sampling technique ensured diversity within the
sample based on participants’ expertise, background, functional areas, departments, age, and units within the
Kenya Defence Forces. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and key informant interviews for
primary and secondary data from books, journals, and operating procedures. Quantitative data analysis
employed SPSS for descriptive statistics, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. The study
reveals that science and technology have been integral to Kenya’s CVE efforts, with the National Counter-
Terrorism Center (NCTC) playing a significant role in intelligence gathering and analysis using technology.
Collaboration with international agencies allowed sharing of intelligence, aiding the prediction of attacks
and identification of areas with prevalent radicalization. Surveillance technologies like drones and CCTV
cameras have enhanced monitoring in high-risk areas, leading to effective response measures. Moreover,
mobile money transfer systems like M-Pesa are beneficial and susceptible to misuse in financing terrorist
activities, emphasizing the importance of partnerships between financial institutions and security agencies.
The study recommended integrating science and technology with community engagement, education, and
policy initiatives. It underscores the need for a comprehensive community-centered strategy in Lamu
County, fostering partnership and trust between the government and local communities. Continuous
research, capacity building, and counter-narratives using technology are essential for sustained progress in
countering violent extremism. While science and technology offer invaluable tools, collaboration, and
holistic approaches remain vital to achieving comprehensive results and maintaining national security.
Implication of Public Policy Interventions on Inter-Ethnic Conflict in Isiolo County
(2023) Kariithi A, Charles; John R, Kisilu
Public policies are among some solutions states use to address inter-ethnic conflicts. The state is responsible
for protecting the welfare of its citizenry, which is why the government strives to identify solutions to
resolve conflicts within its borders. The study was anchored on Stakeholder Approach in Conflict Analysis.
This study adopted the descriptive survey research method employing a mixture of qualitative and
quantitative methods in the research process. The study was conducted in Isiolo County. The research
employed probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS
version 25.0, while qualitative data was analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The findings indicated
that policy interventions to improve the road infrastructure would open viable markets and limit banditry
attacks along the highways. Alternate sources of economic livelihoods, enabling security to allow
uninterrupted access to education, availability of social amenities, and developing an early warning system
to deter inter-ethnic conflicts before they escalate would be a proactive policy framework. The study
recommended that equitable representation of the communities in the county government, involvement of
all stakeholders in the efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure food security, Youth fund
to provide alternative sources of employment, and provision of quality education to the children can be
adequate public intervention measures by the government which could help resolve the inter-ethnic conflicts
in Isiolo County.
Human-Wildlife Conflict Management: Towards a Comprehensive Strategies for Sustainable Coexistence in Conservancies in Laikipia County
(2023) Samuel N, Kamande; Emily Okuto; John R, Kisilu
The article explores the rampant issue of human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) in conservancies, primarily
focusing on Laikipia County, Kenya. In response to the escalating global challenge of HWC, privately run
conservancies have emerged as a proactive approach to safeguarding natural ecosystems while promoting
responsible resource utilization. These conservancies also aim to reshape societal perceptions and behaviors
regarding wildlife. However, the conservancies in Laikipia County currently face a significant HWC crisis
due to the encroachment of human activities into wildlife habitats. This encroachment has led to adverse
consequences for biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods. The insufficiency of existing control
measures necessitates the development of comprehensive strategies that can effectively reduce conflicts,
protect the interests of both human and wildlife populations, and ensure the long-term viability of
conservancies. The study employs the socio-ecological systems (SES) theory as its foundational framework.
Research within Laikipia County involves diverse participants, including conservancy staff, community
leaders, and representatives from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engaged in community outreach.
The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, utilizing questionnaires and interviews to collect primary and
secondary data. Quantitative data is analyzed using SPSS version 21, while qualitative analysis uncovers
underlying patterns and themes in the dataset. The study’s findings emphasize the pivotal role of community
engagement and strategic land use planning in mitigating human-wildlife conflicts. The data highlights that
private conservancies actively organize community training programs to raise awareness about the
significance of wildlife conservation. Moreover, a shift in land use, explicitly transitioning from livestock
rearing to cropland cultivation, emerges as a viable strategy for reducing conflict incidents in Laikipia
County. The SES theory underscores the importance of understanding both social and ecological factors for
coexistence. Social acceptability influences attitudes towards wildlife, impacting conflict dynamics and
conservation efforts. Striking a balance between environmental diversity and social acceptability is crucial
for effective conflict resolution. The study’s results reveal how conservancies’ impact on local lifestyles can
influence attitudes and values, potentially leading to conflicts between humans and wildlife.